He borrows money from his friend and returns the money to him with a share of the profit

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Check below answers in case you are looking for other related questions:
Clarification of the important rule: it is haraam to take kaafirs as close friends and protectors
Workers “pooling” money

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He owes a debt to the company and he wants to pay it off with the lump sum he receives for retirement
It is haraam to pay interest because of inflation
Taking a loan with interest in order to get married
Clarification of the important rule: it is haraam to take kaafirs as close friends and protectors
Workers “pooling” money

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